Changes and Colonialism

Uburetwa

For Hutu, with or without cattle, the calculation of advantages and disadvantages of ubuhake clientship had to take account of ubureetwa, a relationship in which reciprocity was entirely absent. Whereas ubuhake symbolized special status in relation to the patron (however…
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Changes and Colonialism

Ubuhake

Under these conditions of growing personal insecurity, it is not surprising that ubuhake clientship became more widespread in Kinyaga. In Impara and Abiiru regions, people who had not been clients before, and whose fathers had not been clients, acquired patrons.…
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